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The use of corticosteroids to reduce the post-operative sequelae of lower third molar surgery, namely pain, swelling and trismus, has been well studied by many researchers over the past 6 decades. This study reviewed the reported outcome of corticosteroids used in controlling the above sequalae after third molar surgery. A PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and Google search was undertaken of all controlled clinical trials on the effects of corticosteroids on pain, swelling and trismus after lower third molar surgery. The review was limited to studies published over the last 10 years (2006-2015). Of the 46 initially retrieved articles, 34 were finally included. Eleven studies compared the effect of 2 similar (but different dose) or different group of corticosteroids. Thirty-one studies reported the effects of corticosteroids on all sequale, 2 reported the outcome on swelling and trismus and another 1 on swelling and pain only. In 16 of the studies, corticosteroid use resulted in significant reductions in pain after third molar removal. Twenty-two out of 29 studies reported reduced swelling against negative control while 18 out of 25 studies reported improved mouth opening. Fourteen studies reported the benefit of corticosteroids on all 3 sequelae, with 71.4% resulted from the use of methylprednisolone. Although there are some conflicting effects, the results of this analysis shows in general the benefits derived from short-term use of corticosteroids in relation to pain, swelling and trismus following third molar surgical extraction, with no side effects observed. This work was supported by the University of Malaya's High Impact Research grant UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/05. Source: ADVANCES IN THERAPY Author: Ngeow WC, Lim D. Status: Paid Open Access available here
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Abstract:
Background. Turnaround time (TAT) is the benchmark to assess the performance of a laboratory, pathologists, and pathology services, but there are few articles on TAT of surgical pathology, particularly in relation to oral or head and neck specimens. This study investigates the TAT for oral histopathology reporting in an academic institution's training laboratory and offers recommendations to achieve better overall quality of diagnostic services. Methods. This study examined data obtained from biopsy request forms for specimens received from the Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Klang in the Oral Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, over a period of 3 years between January 2012 and October 2014. Results. TAT for surgical and decalcified specimens were increased significantly compared to biopsies. Additional special handling did not influence TAT, but increased specimen volume resulted in greater TAT. Slide interpretation was the most time-consuming stage during histopathology reporting. Overall, mean TAT was acceptable for most specimens, but the TAT goals were less than satisfactory. Conclusion. A TAT goal appropriate for this laboratory may hence be established based on this study. Collective efforts to improve the TAT for various specimens are essential for better laboratory performance in the future. Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Author; Chan SW, Liew SH, Wong GR, Kallarakkal TG, Abraham MT, Ramanathan A, Zain RB. Status: Paid Open Access available here Abstract:
Objective: To assess the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients provided with mandibular implant fixed partial prostheses (IFPP) for rehabilitation of two adjacent missing posterior teeth and complete denture patients provided with mandibular implant-supported overdenture (ISOD). The response to change in OHRQoL with implant prostheses was additionally compared. Material and methods: In this prospective study, 20 IFPP (mean age 47.0; SD 12.9years) and 28 ISOD (mean age 61.5; SD 9.1years) patients received 2 mandibular implants. Metal ceramic nonsplinted fixed prostheses were provided in IFPP group, while in ISOD group, the mandibular overdentures were retained by nonsplinted attachments. Patients rated their oral health-related quality of life using OHIP-14 Malaysian version at baseline (T0), 2-3months (T1) and 1year (T2) postimplant treatment. Mean OHIP-14 for total and domain scores between groups and intervals was analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and t-test. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for the comparison of mean score change and effect size, while the association between pre- and post-treatment scores was determined using multivariate linear regression modelling. Results: The total OHIP and domain scores before implant treatment were significantly higher (lower OHRQoL) in IFPP than in ISOD groups, except for physical pain where this domain showed similar impact in both groups. Postimplant scores between groups at T1 and T2 showed no significant difference. The mean score changes at T0-T1 and T0-T2 for total OHIP-14 and domains were significantly greater in IFPP except in the domains of physical pain and disability which showed no difference. Large effect size (ES) was observed for total OHIP-14 in IFPP while moderate in ISOD. Improved OHRQoL was dependent on the treatment group and pretreatment score. Conclusion: Improvement in OHRQoL occurred following both mandibular implant-supported overdentures and implant fixed partial prostheses. Source: CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH Author: Yunus N, Masood M, Saub R, Al-Hshedi AA, Ali TBT, Thomason JM. Status: Paid Open access available here PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGYAbstract:
Context: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) has been used as a folk remedy in Southeast Asia for the treatment of various ailments. Objective: The current study evaluates the cytotoxicity, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptotic induction by E. hirta in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Materials and methods: Cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of whole part of E. hirta was determined by the MTT assay at various concentrations ranging from 1.96 to 250.00 mu g/mL in MCF-7 cells. Cell morphology was assessed by light and fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis and cell-cycle distribution were determined by annexin V staining and flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation, caspase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were performed using the commercially available kits. To identify the cytotoxic fraction, E. hirta extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation. Results: Euphorbia hirta exhibited significant inhibition of the survival of MCF-7 cells and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values was 25.26 mu g/mL at 24h. Microscopic studies showed that E. hirta-treated cells exhibited marked morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. Euphorbia hirta extract also had an ignorable influence on the LDH leakage and generating intracellular ROS. The flow cytometry study confirmed that E. hirta extract induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Euphorbia hirta also resulted in DNA fragmentation in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, E. hirta treatment resulted in the accumulation of cells at the S and G(2)/M phases as well as apoptosis. The caspase activity study revealed that E. hirta extract induced apoptosis through the caspase-3-independent pathway by the activation of caspase-2, 6, 8, and 9. Euphorbia hirta hexane fraction, namely HFsub4 fraction, demonstrated highest activity among all the fractions tested with an IC50 value of 10.01 mu g/mL at 24h. Discusson and conclusion: This study revealed that E. hirta induced apoptotic cell death and suggests that E. hirta could be used as an apoptosis-inducing anticancer agent for breast cancer treatment with further detailed studies. Source: PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY Author: Kwan YP, Saito T, Ibrahim D, Al-Hassan FMS, Oon CE, Chen Y, Jothy SL, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Status: Paid Open Access available here Abstract;
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) serves as a powerful tool for exploring matrilineal phylogeo-graphic ancestry, as well as for analyzing highly degraded samples, because of its polymorphic nature and high copy numbers per cell. The recent advent of complete mitochondrial genome sequencing has led to improved techniques for phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA, and many multiplex genotyping methods have been developed for the hierarchical analysis of phylogenetically important mutations. However, few high-resolution multiplex genotyping systems for analyzing East-Asian mtDNA can be applied to extremely degraded samples. Here, we present a multiplex system for analyzing mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs), which relies on a novel amplified product-length polymorphisms (APLP) method that uses inosine-flapped primers and is specifically designed for the detailed haplogrouping of extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs. We used fourteen 6-plex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and subsequent electrophoresis to examine 81 haplogroup-defining SNPs and 3 insertion/deletion sites, and we were able to securely assign the studied mtDNAs to relevant haplogroups. Our system requires only 1x10(-13) g (100 fg) of crude DNA to obtain a full profile. Owing to its small amplicon size (< 110 bp), this new APLP system was successfully applied to extremely degraded samples for which direct sequencing of hypervariable segments using mini-primer sets was unsuccessful, and proved to be more robust than conventional APLP analysis. Thus, our new APLP system is effective for retrieving reliable data from extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs. Source: PLoS One Author: Kakuda T, Shojo H, Tanaka M, Nambiar P, Minaguchi K, Umetsu K, Adachi N. Status: Open Access available here Abstract:
Halal (permissible or lawful) poultry meat production must meet industry, economic, and production needs, and government health requirements without compromising the Islamic religious requirements derived from the Qur'an and the Hadiths (the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him). Halal certification authorities may vary in their interpretation of these teachings, which leads to differences in halal slaughter requirements. The current study proposes 6 control points (CP) for halal poultry meat production based on the most commonly used halal production systems. CP 1 describes what is allowed and prohibited, such as blood and animal manure, and feed ingredients for halal poultry meat production. CP 2 describes the requirements for humane handling during lairage. CP 3 describes different methods for immobilizing poultry, when immobilization is used, such as water bath stunning. CP 4 describes the importance of intention, details of the halal slaughter, and the equipment permitted. CP 5 and CP 6 describe the requirements after the neck cut has been made such as the time needed before the carcasses can enter the scalding tank, and the potential for meat adulteration with fecal residues and blood. It is important to note that the proposed halal CP program is presented as a starting point for any individual halal certifying body to improve its practices. Source: POULTRY SCIENCE Author: Shahdan IA, Regenstein JM, Shahabuddin ASM, Rahman MT. Status: Full text available here Abstract:
Objective: To understand early dental erosion induced by different beverages and the equipment for its detection. Methods: The study was conducted at the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from June to September 2014, and comprised single-rooted, unpolished teeth divided into six groups. Electron micrographs and other baseline readings for further analyses were taken before and after the exposure to different beverages. The teeth were exposed to the beverages using amodified Nordini's artificial mouth model. The positioning of the teeth on the motorised stage of the equipment was standardised. Results: Of the several beverages used, CocaCola had the lowest pH value of 2.53, while tap water had the highest pH of 5.4. Deionised distilled water, which was used as a reference, had a pH near to neutral / alkaline of 7.3. The fluoride content ranged between 9.38ppm in tea and 0.005ppm in orange juice. Teeth exposed to beverages with low pH and considerably high fluoride underwent slight remineralisation (roughness increase 8% from tea), while beverages with no fluoride content and low pH roughened the enamel surface (Coca Cola roughened upto 37%). Quantitative analyses of tooth erosion, micro-hardness, surface-roughness, and surface-height showed that all beverages exhibited positive erosive effect on the tooth enamel surface (p<0.005). Conclusion: CocaCola was found to be the most erosive agent among both hot and cold beverages (37%), while coffee was more erosive among the hot beverages (29%). Source: JOURNAL OF THE PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Author: Jameel RA, Khan SS, Rahim ZHA, Bakri MM, Siddiqui S. Status: Full text available at JPMA Abstract:
Emerging biological and translational insights from large sequencing efforts underscore the need for genetically-relevant cell lines to study the relationships between genomic alterations of tumors, and therapeutic dependencies. Here, we report a detailed characterization of a novel panel of clinically annotated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, derived from patients with diverse ethnicity and risk habits. Molecular analysis by RNAseq and copy number alterations (CNA) identified that the cell lines harbour CNA that have been previously reported in OSCC, for example focal amplications in 3q, 7p, 8q, 11q, 20q and deletions in 3p, 5q, 8p, 18q. Similarly, our analysis identified the same cohort of frequently mutated genes previously reported in OSCC including TP53, CDKN2A, EPHA2, FAT1, NOTCH1, CASP8 and PIK3CA. Notably, we identified mutations (MLL4, USP9X, ARID2) in cell lines derived from betel quid users that may be associated with this specific risk factor. Gene expression profiles of the ORL lines also aligned with those reported for OSCC. By focusing on those gene expression signatures that are predictive of chemotherapeutic response, we observed that the ORL lines broadly clustered into three groups (cell cycle, xenobiotic metabolism, others). The ORL lines noted to be enriched in cell cycle genes responded preferentially to the CDK1 inhibitor RO3306, by MTT cell viability assay. Overall, our in-depth characterization of clinically annotated ORL lines provides new insight into the molecular alterations synonymous with OSCC, which can facilitate in the identification of biomarkers that can be used to guide diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of OSCC. Source: Oncotarget Author: Fadlullah MZH, Chian IKN, Dionne KR, Yee PS, Gan CP, Sam KK, Tiong KH, Ng AKW, Martin D, Lim KP, Kallarakkal TG, Mustafa WMW, Lau SH, Abraham MT, Zain RB, Rahman ZAA, Molinolo A, Patel V, Gutkind JS, Tan AC, Cheong SC. Status: Open Access available at ImpactJournal Examiner reliability in fluorosis scoring: a comparison of photographic and clinical methods9/6/2016 Abstract:
Objective: To assess examiner reliability when scoring dental fluorosis in Malaysian children using clinical (Dean's Index) and photographic methods. Method: The upper central incisors of 111 children were examined both clinically and photographically for fluorosis status using Dean's index. Twenty children were re-examined after a two-week interval for intra-examiner reliability by a single examiner. In addition, two independent examiners and the clinical examiner scored 111 photographic images of the same children in a standardized manner. Fluorosis scores were compared individually between examiners for both clinical and photographic scoring. Examiner reliability was assessed using both simple and weighted kappa statistics at tooth level. Sensitivity, specificity, positive-negative predictive values and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were also calculated to determine the accuracy of the test. Results: Across the three examiners, the prevalence of fluorosis (Dean's score >= 2) using photographs was lower (ranged from 23% to 26%) than the prevalence recorded by clinical examination (30%). The kappa score for intra-examiner reliability for the duplicate clinical examination was excellent (0.89). Inter-examiner reliability between the photographic method and the clinical examination (gold standard) for each examiner was substantial with weighted kappa values ranging from 0.74 to 0.77. The photographic method indicated higher specificity (99%) than sensitivity (79%) and the area under the ROC curve was also high (0.89) which suggests good accuracy of the diagnostic test. Conclusion: These results suggest that photographic examination of fluorosis on central incisors can be recorded with good examiner reliability. The recorded fluorosis prevalence was lower using the photographic scores. Source: COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH Author: Nor NAM, Chestnutt IG, Chadwick BL. Status: A paid open access option is available for this journal. |